|
The Papal States under Pope Pius IX assumed a much more modern and secular character than had been seen under previous pontificates, and yet this progressive modernization was not nearly sufficient in resisting the tide of political liberalization and unification in Italy during the middle of the 19th century. A view of the Papal States from the perspective of the mid-19th century is readily available.〔 This book is a primary reference, written by a French Catholic observer who visited the Papal States at the time. It is opinionated, claiming to convey the opinions of the Pope's subjects at the time. The text is available a no cost from Project Gutenberg.〕 ==Pius' internal administration== Pius IX was not only Pope, but until 1870 also the Sovereign Ruler of the Papal States. His rule was considered secular and as such he was occasionally accorded the title "king". However whether this was ever a title accepted by the Holy See is unclear. One of the most fervent contemporary critic of his infallibility dogma, Ignaz von Döllinger, considered the ''political regime'' of the pope in the Papal States ''as wise, well-intentioned, mild-natured, frugal and open for innovations.''〔Schmidlin 45〕 Yet there was controversy. In the period before the 1848 revolution, Pius IX was a most ardent reformer. After the revolution however, his political reforms and constitutional improvements were considered minimalists, remaining largely within the framework of the 1850 laws mentioned above〔Schmidlin 47〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Papal States under Pope Pius IX」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|